List of Tests for Bitumen as per Indian Standard

Overview

Bitumen is the most important binding material for the construction of flexible pavement, which gives more strength than other materials used for flexible pavement. Therefore, a piece of thorough knowledge of the tests on bitumen is a must in the fields of civil engineering. Here, I am trying to give some names of tests and a short description which are done on bitumen to check the suitability as a Pavement Material to use in civil engineering fields. Later, I will discuss all the test procedures of the tests in the future.

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Requirements of Bitumen

The desirable properties of bitumen depend on mix type and construction. In general, Bitumen should possess the following desirable properties-

1. The bitumen should not be highly temperature susceptible: during the hottest weather the mix should not become too soft or unstable, and during cold weather, the mix should not become too brittle causing cracks.
2. The viscosity of the bitumen at the time of mixing and compaction should be adequate. This can be achieved by use of cutbacks or emulsions of suitable grades or by heating the bitumen and aggregates prior to mixing.
3. There should be adequate affinity and adhesion between the bitumen and aggregates used in the mix

Tests on bitumen

There are a number of tests to assess the properties of bituminous materials. The following tests are usually conducted to evaluate different properties of bituminous materials

1. Penetration test
2. Ductility test
3. Softening point test
4. Specific gravity test
5. Viscosity test
6. Flash and Fire point test
7. Float test
8. Water content test
9. Loss on heating test

Here, I am trying to give an introductory discussion on Bitumen as a Pavement Material, and it’s different forms which are used in civil engineering fields.

(You may also like: Introduction To Bitumen As Pavement Materials)

1. Penetration Test

It measures the hardness or softness of bitumen by measuring the depth in tenths of a millimetre to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate vertically in 5 seconds. BIS had standardized the equipment and test procedure. The penetrometer consists of a needle assembly with a total weight of 100g and a device for releasing and locking in any position. The bitumen is softened to a pouring consistency, stirred thoroughly and poured into containers at n depth at least 15 mm in excess of the expected penetration. The test should be conducted at a specified temperature of 25°C. It may be noted that penetration value is largely influenced by any inaccuracy with regards to pouring temperature, size of the needle, weight placed on the needle and the test temperature. A grade of 40/50 bitumen means the penetration value is in the range 40 to 50 at standard test conditions in hot climates, a lower penetration grade is preferred. The Figure shows a schematic Penetration Test setup.

2. Ductility Test

Ductility is the property of bitumen that permits it to undergo great deformation or elongation. Ductility is defined as the distance in cm, to which a standard sample or briquette of the material will be elongated without breaking. The dimension of the briquette thus formed is exactly 1 cm square. The bitumen sample is heated and poured in the mould assembly placed on a plate. These samples with moulds are cooled in the air and then in the water bath at 27°C temperature. The excess bitumen is cut and the surface is levelled using a hot knife. Then the mould with an assembly containing sample is left in the water bath of the ductility machine for about 90 minutes. The sides of the mould are removed, the clips are hooked on the machine and the machine is operated. The distance up to the point of the breaking of a thread is the ductility value which is reported in cm. The ductility value gets affected by factors such as pouring temperature, test temperature, the rate of pulling etc. A minimum ductility value of 73 cm has been specified by the BIS. The figure below shows ductility moulds to be filled with bitumen. For details procedure and calculation, check out my article on Ductility Test of Bitumen (IS:1208-1978).

3. Softening Point Test

Softening point denotes the temperature at which the bitumen attains a particular degree of softening under the specifications of the test. The test is conducted by using the Ring and Ball apparatus. A brass ring containing a test sample of bitumen is suspended in liquid like water or glycerine at a given temperature. A steel ball is placed upon the bitumen sample and the liquid medium is heated at a rate of 5°C per minute. Temperature is noted when the softened bitumen touches the metal plate which is at a specified distance below. Generally, higher softening point indicates lower temperature susceptibility and is preferred in the hot climate. The following figure Softening Points Test Setup. For details procedure and calculation, check out my article on Softening Point Test Of Bitumen As Per IS: 1205-1978.

4. Specific Gravity Test

In paving jobs, to classify a binder, density property is of great use. In most cases, bitumen is weighted. But when used with aggregates, the bitumen is converted to volume using density values. The density of bitumen is greatly influenced by its chemical composition. The increase is aromatic type mineral impurities cause an increase in specific gravity. The specific gravity of bitumen is defined as the ratio of the mass of a given volume of bitumen of known content to the mass of an equal volume of water at 27°C. The specific gravity can be measured using either pycnometer or preparing a cube specimen of bitumen in a semi-solid or solid state. The specific gravity of bitumen varies from 0.97 to 1.02

5. Viscosity Test

Viscosity denotes the fluid property of bituminous material and it is the measure of resistance to flow. At the application temperature, this characteristic greatly influences the strength of resulting paving mixes. Low or high viscosity during compaction or mixing has been observed to result in lower stability values. At high viscosity, it resists the compactive effort and thereby resulting mix is heterogeneous, hence low stability values. And at low viscosity instead of providing a uniform film over aggregate, it will lubricate the aggregate particles. Orifice type viscometers are used to indirectly find the viscosity of liquid binders like cutbacks and emulsions. The viscosity expressed in seconds is the time taken by the 50 ml bitumen material to pass through the orifice of a cup, under standard test conditions and specified temperature. The viscosity of cutback can be measured with either 4.0 mm orifice at 25°C or 10 mm orifice at 25°C or 40°C.

6. Flash and Fire Point Test

At high temperatures depending upon the grades of bitumen, materials leave out volatiles. And these volatiles catches fire which is very hazardous and therefore it is essential to qualify this temperature for each bitumen grade. BIS defined the flashpoint as the temperature at which the vapour of bitumen momentarily catches fire in the form of flash under specified test conditions. The fire point is defined as the lowest temperature under specified test conditions at which the bituminous material gets ignited and burns.

7. Float Test

Normally the consistency of bituminous material can be measured either by penetration test or viscosity test. But for a certain range of consistencies, these tests are not applicable and Float test is used. The apparatus consists of an aluminium float and a brass collar filled with bitumen to be tested. The specimen in the mould is cooled to a temperature of 5°C and screwed in to float. The total test assembly is floated in the water bath at 50°C and the time required for water to pass its way through the specimen plug is noted in seconds and is expressed as the float value.

8. Water Content Test

It is desirable that the bitumen contains minimum water content to prevent foaming of the bitumen when it is heated above the boiling point of water. The water in bitumen is determined by mixing the known weight of specimen in a pure petroleum distillate free from water, heating, and distilling off the water. The weight of the water condensed and collected is expressed as a percentage by weight of the original sample. The allowable maximum water content should not be more than 0.2% by weight.

9. Loss on Heating Test

When the bitumen is heated it loses the volatility and gets hardened. About 50gm of the sample is weighed and heated to a temperature of 163°C for 5 hours in a specified oven designed for this test. The sample specimen is weighed again after the heating period and loss in weight is expressed a percentage by weight of the original sample. Bitumen used in pavement mixes should not indicate more than 1% loss in weight, but for bitumen having penetration values 150-200 up to 2% loss in weight is allowed.

Table of the tests for Bitumen with IS Code

I hope this article will help you. You may also want to see my other post from my Blog. If I have missed anything here, please let me know about that in the comment below this post.

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